Heel pain with obscure etiology, chronic status and resultant gait compromise could be a challenging matter of treatment. To clarify its charactristic and suggestion of therapeutic strategy, we studied the patients admitted to the orthopedic clinic for 2 years from 1998-2000. In this outcome study, the patients history, physical examination, appropriate lab tests and ankle and calcaneus radiographies were taken. 58 patients (65 heels) with mean age of 42±1.3 (28-65 years) included in this study. There were 7 bilateral cases. There were also 48 females (83%) and 10 males (17%). The right and left feet were about equally involved with right in 25 and left in 26 cases). Tinel"s sign that is a guide to neurologic etiology for heel pain was positive in three cases and in one of them conservative treatment failed. Phalen test and nerve compression test were not positive in any of the cases. In one patient, maximum tenderness was in zone II Baxter, which did not respond to conservative treatment. X-ray was taken in 49 heels and calcaneal spur was observed in 46% of the painful heel and 36% of asymptomatic ones. There was not statistical correlation between heel pain and spur . After follow up of 14.5 month conservative treatment was successful in 55 cases (95%) and failed in 3 cases (5%). Two of the individuals underwent surgery, one case by Baxter modified technique (with release of medial calcaneal nerve) was fully asymptomatic in follow up, and the other one, a 50 years old women, by DuVries technique. Conservative treatment will be cornerstone in management of patients with painful heels, and Baxter modified technique with release of medialcalcaneal branches is highly suggestive in resistant cases. However, stuctural bone disease, skin lesions, systemic metabolic, and artheritis should be ruled out before surgical intervention.

As a legal-economic event, bankruptcy, which leads to a halt in the business life of the business people, has a direct impact on the economic interests of a whole society. One of the proceedings associated with bankruptcy involves the RESTITUTION claims by third parties against bankrupts or vice versa. The question here is how the modern approach to bankruptcy, which is based on economic theories as independent bases for RESTITUTION claims, makes a difference in the way these claims are handled compared to the traditional approach that is based on the principle of equality of creditors. It is arguable that economic theories can be solid bases for the construction and enforcement of RESTITUTION claims in bankruptcy, their advantage over the traditional approach being that the ability to reclaim property in the new approach is attuned to the goal that the merchants’ capital be returned to them as much as possible. That is why this approach takes the bankrupt’s claim against the third party as the principal form of a RESTITUTION claim, and the claim of third parties against bankrupts only as exception. The modern approach is, accordingly, conducive to the restructuring of the bankrupt’s capital and will help, by offering amenable interpretations of, and modifications to, the relevant rules, to prevent the collapse of the society’s businesses and its adverse effects.

Nutrition is of paramount importance for the visual system. Proper nutrition helps make better use of your eyesight and reduces the appearance of degenerative and nondegenerative eye diseases. Therefore, nutrition can and should be refined on the basis of ocular pathologies that are in the process of appearing or already present and to promote their treatment...

The cases of cutaneous Leishmaniasis is increasing all over the world including Iran; it increased from 1989 and reached its highest level in 1992. In Iran cutaneous Leishmaniasis is seen endemically in different parts of Isfahan, Khozesten and Kerman. Khozestan province was one of the important regions in Iran - Iraq war. On the other hand, this region is one the focus areas of rural cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Climatic conditions for the vectors, war condition and lack of hygienic facilities predisposed such diseases among militants. Based on the mentioned problems, the best way of controlling the disease is immunization. For this reason, to immunize the people attending war, immunization against cutaneous Leishmaniasis was planned.The case of this study is a man from Miyandoab who received immunization against cutaneous Leishmaniasis 16 years ago, before attending the war. Three months after immunization, some lesions were seen around the injection point. The lesions were treated locally by Glucantime, the lesions relapsed and treated so many times. The patient was referred to parasitology department be a dermatologist, referring to history of the patient, sampling was done around the lesion and some smears were prepared. After Giemsa staining, N.N.N. culture was done. By using stained glasses and by applying a microscope with × 100 magnifying power only a few leishman bodies were seen. On the other hand, after 4 days, wet mount was prepared and they were examined to see promastigote. After 15 days, the same process was repeated and the promastigote was increased. For several times the patient was treated by Glucantime locally by a dermatologist; the lesions were HEALed.Considering several problems that aroused in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis and referring to reports by other parasitologists in different congresses, it can be suggested that it is better to check the patient considering his /her immunological status before vaccination. It is hoped to prepare a vaccine against leishmaniasis by the attempts of other colleagues in other immunology and parasitology departments.

The article deals with a semantic scrutiny into the meaning of "RESTITUTION" of illegally possessed property and its relation to similar concepts. Here "RESTITUTION" has been used in its absolute meaning, i. e. "dispossession of a person from property obtained without legitimate and legal cause", and not limited to "returning of the object to its legal owner". Based on this, to establish the truthfulness of the concept of "RESTITUTION, there is no need for a private plaintiff to exist-contrary to whose interest such illegal possession runs, rather, the Substitute Asset is classified under the concept “ RESTITUTION” . The Arabic rule "حرمت اکل مال به باطل" (meaning: prohibition of eating the wrong property) and wide scope of concept of “ مال حرام” in the Islamic jurisprudence also supports this Opinion. In British Law, according to the most recent viewpoints, in order for the "RESTITUTION" to take effect the illegal possession should not necessarily be to the detriment of the plaintiff or any other third person; rather the axial fact is that nobody’ s property is expected to increase unduly. In the Iranian and British legal texts, this meaning of RESTITUTION (dispossession of a person from illegally obtained property) has been mixed with similar concepts especially "confiscation", and has created a kind of Semantic confusion. Relying on the priority of meaning over the apparent wording, the article seeks a suggestion to this existing confusion and disparity.

The right to receive consular protection and its guarantee by the host state is an element of making the right to a fair trial effective. Its development in the practice of human rights treaty bodies as a human right has put consular protection in interaction with human rights, especially the right to fair trial and the right to life. Violation of this right and depriving individuals in national courts and, conviction and sentence based on consular deprivation may lead to the ineffectiveness of criminal proceedings and the violation of some substantive rights, such as the right to life and Freedom from torture. The present essay, with an analytical-descriptive method, seeks to answer the question of how the Humanistic approach affects RESTITUTION as an appropriate remedy for the violation of the right to receive consular protection. It seems that Relative RESTITUTION in the form of review and reconsideration of sentences and punishments, provided to effectiveness, is considered an effective and appropriate remedy and guarantees the human rights of foreign nationals and the legitimate interests of the host state. On the other hand, the approach of full RESTITUTION in the form of annulment of the issued sentences and punishments is not considered an appropriate remedy due to providing an opportunity to escape from criminal justice and denying the jurisdiction of the host state. International precedent, alongside Cessation and non-repetition, has chosen partial RESTITUTION, provided to its effectiveness.

Generally, compensation for environmental crime damages meets two major challenges. The governmental nature of criminals, which causes a huge number of victims, is the first one. Secondly, as the Iranian legal system of civil liability is based on the theory of fault, it is not efficient enough to deal with this issue. However, based on the international law and Iranian legal system, we try to recognize criteria for compensation of environmental crimes. In these two systems, environmental compensation has a restoration nature and, on the other hand, it is based on the views of the offender and the governments. From this point of view, environmental criminal is required to restore the damages into its former circumstance. Otherwise, the government is responsible for compensating the environmental crimes through a specific fund, called environmental fund.